Research on Road Accident of butwal

Aastha Pandey 

• General Background

As  per  UN  estimates,  nearly  1.3  million  people  die  globally  from  road  accident  annually  or  more  than  3000  on  a  daily  basis.  In  addition,  20-50  million  people  are  injured  from  these  accidents  and  such  injuries  are  the  leading  cause  for  disabilities. Recently  road  accidents  are  one  of  the  main  causes  of  death  for  people  between  the  age  of  5-44  and  results  in  a  huge  economic  loss  to  countries  worldwide.

                            As  per  the  police  statistics, there  were  8656  road  accidents  in  the   fiscal  year  2010-011  resulting  in  1689  fatalities, 4071  serious  injuries and  9133  minor  injuries.  Taking  these  under  reporting  into  account, a  recent  study  estimated  that  were  13247  road  accidents  in  fiscal  year  2009-2010  resulting  in  1734  fatalities, 4130  injuries (minor  and  serious)  and  7383  damage. Nepal’s  strategic  road  network  lying  under  the  Department  of  Roads  Comprises  the  national  highways, feeder  roads  and  strategically  important  urban  roads. According to statistics, 2006 people died and 10,013 injuries due to road accident in Nepal in 2016.s

1.2 Significance  of  the  Study

The  information  obtained  from  this  study

• Will help  policy  makers  to  develop  counter  measures  that  could  reduce  the  number  and  severity  of  road
• Can also  be  used  by  the  road  safety  authorities  for  planning  and  evaluating  road  safety
• Will help  to  evaluate  the  existing  design
• Will help  to  study  the  cause  of  accident  and  correct  treatment  at  nearest

• Statement of  the  Problem

There  have  been  many  road  accidents  everyday, and  it  has  caused  a  great  loss  of  human  life  and  property  but, except  in  the  fit  of  anger, even  the  victims  donot  concern  in  the  minimization  of  road  accident  in  latter  days. They  donot  want  to  be  reminded  of  the  accident  after  they  gat  financial  compensation  as they  think  that  it will  be  traumatic  to  them.

 Objectives of  the  study

• General Objective

1. To determine  prevalence  and  factors  associated  with  road  accidents  in  Butwal.
2. To assess  the  problem  of  road  accidents, road  safety  behavior  and  its  qualitative  aspects.

• Specific Objective

1. To determine  prevalence  of  road  accidents  among  Pedestrians.
2. To identify  the  most  vulnerable  population  group  of  the  society  to  road  accidents.

• To make  computation  of  economic  and  financial  loss.

• Limitation of  the  Study

All  the  studies  have  their  own  limitation. No  studies  can  be  free  from  constraints  such  as  of  resources  time  and  money  etc.  this  study  is  done  to  analyze  the  consequences  of   road   accident  on  the  social  and  economic  activities  of  Butwal.  The  study  is  conducted  within  certain  limitation  and  constraints.

• The data  used  in  this   study  are  both  primary  and  secondary  data
• Research is  based  on  report  provided  by  the  traffic
• This study  is  limited  to  the  Nepalese  laws, rules  and
• This study  is  limited  within

• Organization of  the  Study

 This  study  is  divided  into  five  chapters  which  are  as  follows:

Chapter-I: Introduction

In  this  chapter, background  of  study, statement  of  problem, objective  of  the  study, significance  of  the  study  and  limitation  of  the  study  are  included.

Chapter-II: Review  of  Literature

This  chapter  includes  the  theoretical  aspect  of  road  accident, review  of  former  studies  and  research  gap.

Chapter-III: Research  Methodology

In  this  chapter, research  design, data  collection  procedure  applied  in  this  study  are  included.

Chapter-IV: Data  Presentation  and  Analysis

In  this  chapter, data  and  information  are  analyzed  with  the  help  of  different  tools  and  major  findings  of  the  study  are  also  included  in  it.

Chapter-V: Summary, Conclusion  and  Recommendation

Summary  and  conclusions  of  the  study  and  further  suggestions  are  included  in this  chapter. Avenues  for  further  research  are  also  incorporated  in  this  chapter.

                                            CHAPTER-II

    REVIEW OF  LITERATURE

Review  of   related  literature  is  an  essential  part  for  every  research.  In  this  chapter, the  related  literature  from  different  books, journals, previous  studies  and  other  reliable  sources  is  revised. A  case  of  Road  accident  is  a  new  in  the  context  of  Butwal. An  attempt  has  been  made  in  this  chapter  to  review  various  literature  concerning  case  of  Road  accident.

• Conceptual framework
• Review of  Related  Studies

1. Review of  articles  and  journals
2. Review of  previous  research  work

2.1  Introduction  to  Road  Accident

A  Road  Accident  can  be  defined  as  an  event  that  occurs  on  a  way  or  street  open  to  public  traffic;  resulting  in  one  or  more  persons  being  injured  or  killed, where  at  least  one  moving  vehicle  is  involved.

            ‘’ Kunai  pani  sabari  ek  arka  sanga  thokkinu  athawa  kesailai  thakkar  dinu  lai  Drughatana  bhaninchha .’’  (Pandey .  D . 2014)

A  Road  Accident  is  also  known  as  traffic  collision  among  others,  occurs  when  a  vehicle  collides  with  another  vehicle, Pedestrian, animal, roaddebris, or  other  stationery  obstruction, such  as  a  tree  or  utility  pole.  Traffic  collision  may  result  in  injury,  death  and  propertys  damage.

• Review from  articles

The  WHO  define  road  accident  as;

• Unpremeditated event  resulting  in  recognizable
• An unexpected  occurrence  which  may  involve  injury  due  to  collision  of  vehicle
• Occurrence in  a  sequence  of  events  which  usually  produces  unintended  injury, death  or  property  s

Pandey  (2015),  Published  an  article  in  Yatrakhabar. In  the  article,  he  stated  the  causes  of  road  accident  in  Butwal. They  are;

• Over Speeding
• Drunken Driving
• Distraction to  Driver
• Absence of  Traffic  Light
• Avoiding Safety  Gears  like  Seat  belts  and  helmets

Today,  road  accident  are  big  problem  that  cause  trouble. They  cause  financial  problems  and  even  also  they  can  cause  deaths  of  people. According  to  2014,  The  data  sets  includes  traffic  accident   record  such  as  negligence  by  driver, negligence  by  Pedestrians, overtaking, high  speed, drinking  and  driving, technical  fault  of  vehicle, overload, cattle  on  the  road  and  miscellaneous.

According  to  the  National  Transportation  Safety  Board, 80%  of  traffic  accidents  are  caused  by  distraction  such  as  using  a  cell phone  while  driving.

                                      CHAPTER-III

                   RESEARCH  METHODOLOGY

Research  is  a  system  and  method  of  findings  right  solution  for  the  problem  where  as  research  methodology  refers  to  the  various  steps  undertaken  by  a  researcher  to  find  the  optimum  solution.

3.1 Research  Design

This  study  is  based  on  case  study  research  design. A  case  study  is  an  in  depth  study  of  a  particular  situation  rather  than  a  sweeping  statistical  survey.  It  is  method  used  to  narrow  down  a  very  broad  field  of  research  into  one  easily  researchable  topic.

3.2  Methods  of  Data  Collection

The  method  of   data  collection  is  purely  objective. Mainly  primary  source  of  data  was  used  to  collect the  findings, but  secondary   data  was  also  used  parallel.

• Primary Data: Questionnaire  or  the  schedule  is  the  primary  method  of  the  data  A  list  of  the  questions  was  made  to  collect  the  data  from  the  Pedestrians  and  the  traffic. Separate  questions  are  asked  to  the  traffic  police  officers, Pedestrians  and  vehicle  drivers.  The  information  obtained  from  them  is  analyzed  and  finally  reached  to  the  conclusion.
• Secondary Data: Various  helps  are  taken  from  the  Journal  and  articles  that  are  already  Basically  online  journals  are  the  most  important  source  of  secondary  data.

3.3  Data  Collection  Technique

Different  types  of  data  from  several  sources  are  necessary  for  this  study. In  the  process  of  collecting  primary  data, the  methods  like  formal  and  informal  interview  and  questionnaire  analysis  are  adopted  wherever  necessary.

3.4  Data  Collection  Procedure

Questions  were  asked  to  the  traffic  police  officers, Pedestrians and  vehicle  drivers  in  order  to  get  actual  and  accurate  information. Questions  was  asked  personally  rather  than  sending  by  any  means  to  get  accurate  and  actual  information  in   time.

                                       CHAPTER-IV

     DATA  PRESENTATION  AND  ANALYSIS

Presentation  and  analysis  of  data  is  the  important  stage  of  the  study. In  this  chapter,  all  the  data  or  information  collected  from  primary  sources (i.e. through  questions  and  interview)   are  arranged, tabulated, presented  in  figure  and  analyzed.

                                                Table : 4.1 

4.1  Statistics  of  different  types  of  Vehicle  registered  in  Butwal

Year	Bus	Car	Tractor	Motorbike
2011/2012	962	1957	374	26547
2012/2013	1278	2062	749	31093
2013/2014	1453	2629	1805	45410
2014/2015	2810	5956	2163	175381

                            According  to  this  table, at  present  302629  motorized  vehicles  are  registered  in  Butwal.In  fiscal  year  2011/2012  the   number  of   Busregistered  in  Butwal  was  962. In  year  2012/2013  it  increases  by  3.16%. At  present  the  number  of  Bus  registered  in  Butwal  is  2810. The  total  number  of  bus  of  Western  Nepal  Bus  Association  is  2200 and  remaining  bus  are  of  Siddartha  Bus  Association. The  highest  number (  of  Motorized  Vehicle  registered  in  Butwal  is  Motorbike.

                                   Figure: 4.1

Pie-Chart  showing  the  percentage  of  total  number  of  Vehicles  registered  in  Butwal.

                                    The  Percentage  of  total  number  of  Bus  registered  is  1.5%, Car  is  3.19%, Tractor  is  1.16%,  and  the  Motorbike  is  94.13%. Bythe  above  pie-chart  we  can  see  that  the  number  of  motorbike  registered  in  Butwal  is  higher  than  the  other  motorized  vehicle.

4.2  Road  Accident  in  Butwal

Road accidents are undoubtedly the most frequent and, overall, the cause of the most damage. The reasons for this are the extremely dense road traffic and the relatively great freedom of movement given to drivers. Accidents involving heavy goods vehicles (especially coaches and lorries with trailers) occur all too frequently despite caIls for responsible behaviour, for respect of the loading regulations and the highway code, as well as the obligation for drivers to adapt their speed, which affects stopping distances, to the traffic and weather conditions (rain, ice, fog, etc.). The prevention of road accidents is also extremely important and will be ensured by strict laws, by technical and police controls, ongoing training for drivers (especially those involved in the transport of dangerous substances) and, if need be, by legal and administrative penalties for those responsible.

More than one-half of all road traffic deaths globally occur among people ages 15 to 44—their most productive earning years. Moreover, the disability burden for this age group accounts for 60 percent of all DALYs lost because of road traffic accidents. The costs and consequences of these losses are significant. Three-quarters of all poor families who lost a member to road traffic death reported a decrease in their standard of living, and 61 percent reported they had to borrow money to cover expenses following their loss.

In general, pedestrians, cyclists, and moped and motorcycle riders are the most vulnerable road users as well as the heaviest users of roads in poor countries. Most people who use public transportation, bicycles, or mopeds and motorcycles or who habitually walk are poor, illuminating the higherrisk borne by those from less privilege. In Butwal, for instance, motorized two- and three-wheelers (suchas motorized rickshaws) will make up the anticipated growth in numbers of motor vehicles.

                   Table : 4.2

      Higher proportion of deaths among these groups in Butwal.

Pedestrians	Bicyclists	Motorized vehicles		Others
		Two-wheeled	Four-wheeled
36%	6%	43%	12%	3%

Figure : 4.2

The  higher  proportion  of  these  groups  (Pedestrians, Bicyclists, Two-Wheeled, Four- Wheeled  and  othermotorized  vehicle ) in  Butwal.

4.3   Causes   of   Road  Accident

Road accident is most unwanted thing to happen to a road user, though they happen quite often. The mostunfortunatething is that we don’t learn from our mistakes on road.  Mostofthe roadusersare quite wellaware of the general rules and safety measures while using roads but it is only the laxity on part of road users, which cause accidents. Main causeofaccidents are:

1. Negligence by  driver
2. By Pedestrian
3. Overtaking
4. High Speed
5. Drink and  Drive
6. Technical Fault
7. Overload
8. Cattles on  the  road

 Table : 4.3

	High  Speed	Pedestrian	Overtaking	Negligence by driver	Drink & Drive	Technical Fault	Overload	Cattles on the road
%	43.7	9.5	9.8	18.7	6.2	6.1	5.2	0.8

                             According  to  the  traffic  police  most of the fatal accidents occur due to over speeding. It is a natural psyche of humans to excel. Increase in speed multiplies the risk of accident and severity of injury during accident. Consumption of alcohol to celebrate any occasion is common. But when mixed with driving it turns celebration into a misfortune.

4.4  Different  factors  of  Road  contribute  in  Accident

Drivers: Over-speeding,   rash driving,  violation of rules,  failure to understand signs, fatigue, alcohol.

Pedestrian: Carelessness, illiteracy, crossing at wrong places moving on carriageway, Jaywalkers.
Passengers: Projecting their body outside vehicle, by talking to drivers, alighting and boarding vehicle from wrong side  travelling  on footboard , catching a   running bus etc.
Vehicles: Failure of brakes or steering, tyre burst, insufficient headlights, overloading, projecting loads.
Road Conditions: Potholes, damaged road, eroded road merging of rural roads with highways,  diversions,  illegal speed breakers.
Weather conditions: Fog, snow, heavy rainfall, wind storms, hail storms.

4.5  Findings  and  Results

An  attempt  was  made  to  analyze  the  traffic  problem  and  recommendation  from  three  different  perspectives  of   three  different  Stakeholders  i.e Pedestrians, vehicle  drivers  and  passengers  and  traffic  police  officer.

4.5.1  Traffic  problem  from  the  perspective  of  pedestrians:

          Problems

1. Absence of Sky  bridge
2. Absence of traffic  light
3. Motorbike capturing footpath

            Recommendation

1. Construction of overhead  bridge
2. Proper management of  footpath  business
3. Management of  traffic  light
4. Effective implementation of  traffic  law  and  charging  penalty  for  committing  mistakes.

4.5.2.  Traffic  problems  from  the  perspective  of  vehicle  driver  and  passenger

          Problems

1. Vehicles loose  the  opportunity  cost  of  time  if  the  jam  is  quiet  log  they  loose  the  chance  of  more  number  of  As  a  result  the  revenue  tends  to  decrease.
2. Passengers in  the  public  vehicles  have  to  allocate  more  number  of  times  in  the  vehicles  because  of  traffic
3. Some of  the  motorbike  also  tends  to  avoid  the  traffic  rules  because  of  too much  hangover  of  traffic  They  tend  to  move  ahead  from  the  footpath, a path  designed  for  the  pedestrians.

Recommendation

1. Developing and  alternative  route  that  can  reduce  the  traffic
2. Completing the  road  elongation  project  as  soon  as  possible  which  will  help  to  reduce  the  pressure  more  than  50%.
3. Constructing sky  bridge  for  the  pedestrians  which  will help  to  minimize  the  presence  of  people  in  the  road  they  may  reduce  the  queue  in  road  by  more  than  20%.
4. More effective  mobilizing  of  traffic

• Traffic  problem   from  the  perspective  of  traffic  police 

Traffic  police  arethe  facilitators  and  the  controlling  body  that  helps  in  making  the  regular  flow  of  vehicles  in  the  road. Since  it  is  one  of  the  most  sensitive  spot  of  Butwal  the  number  of  police  officers  is  also  seen  in  great  number. But  due  to  certain  hurdles  and  obstacles, traffic  police  only  cannot  do  much  more  to  boost  the  traffic  flow  in  this  major  point. But  they  are  regularly  doing  the  program  in  order  to  make  the  continuous  traffic  flow  and  creating  awareness  in  the  people  about  the  traffic  rules  and  responsibilities. Since  they  stand  maximum  number  of  hours  in  the  single  spot, they  see  more  number  of  problems  and  keys  to  solve  those  problems. Traffic  police  officer  sees  followings  and  opportunities  in  the  road.

Problems

1. Vehicles tend  to  avoid  the  traffic   rules: Vehicles (specially  motorbikes)  have  a  tendency  to  avoid  the  traffic  Unless  the  vehicles  left  to  feel  proud  by  avoiding  the  traffic  rules, this  problem  will  continue.
2. Unmanaged parking  and  footpath  business: There  is   series  of   footpath  business  especially  in  the  northern  part  of  This  has  created  obstacles  in  the  free  flow  of  vehicles  and  pedestrians. Although  the  traffic  police  is  regularly  conducting  the  business, metropolitan  city  is  not  synchronizing  the  task.
3. Narrow road: Even  being  the  most  sensitive  area of  butwal, the  road  condition  of  this  spot  is  quiet  narrow  e. 4  lane  of  road. Government  has  already  started  the  road  expansion  project  in  this  area  also. After  the  completion  of  project,  traffic  problem  will  reduce  by  50%.

sEfforts  needed

Traffic  police  holds  the  responsibility  of  making  the  effective  flow  of  traffic  in  the  road. It  has  done  much  more  efforts  to  make  continuous  flow  of  vehicles  in  the  road. But  these  efforts  are  not  sufficient. Traffic  police thinks  the  following  ways  to  solve  the  traffic  problem  in  Butwal.

1. Helping  traffic  police  and  eventually  oneself  by  obeying  the  traffic
2. Using the  alternative  route  to  make  less  pressure  in  the  area  if
3. Crossing the  road  only  from  zebra  cross, since  there  is  a  lack  of  sky bridge.
4. Construction of  sky bridge  as  soon  as
5. Greater use  of  the  public vehicles.
6. Plan to  replace  the  small  size  public  vehicles  by  the  vehicles  with  more  capacity  which  can  hold  more  number  of

                   CHAPTER-5

 SUMMARY  AND  CONCLUSION

Summary

Road accident is a global tragedy with ever-raising trend. In Butwal, it represents a major public Sproblem because of the high number of victims involved and also the seriousness of the consequences for the victim themselves and to their families as well. Accidents are generally classified as single vehicle accidents in which the vehicle is either colliding with fixed objects or with pedestrians or the vehicle may fall in a ditch and multiple vehicle accidents in which two or more than two vehicle can either collide head–on, or one vehicle may collide with the front vehicle at the back or may a have side-swipe type collision. The increase of road accident is closely linked with the rapid growth of population, economics development, industrialization and motorization encountered by the country. It continues to be a growing concern to all those who uses the roads. There are many causes of accident on the road. Lack of experience and licensing older drivers are the causes of escalating accident rate. Nowadays, people can obtain license easily. Actually, people who want to obtain the license must have an experience and know the rule on the road. However, we do not have a big number of experience drivers on the road. The inexperience drivers will give problems to other people and they can be the causes of accidents on the road. Beside that, the older drivers can be the causes of the escalating accident rate. Accident are unfortunate events. They may take place any time any were. We can see and hear many events like plane crash, boat accident road accident etc. The accidents that happen on the road are called road accidents.There are many causes behind the accidents. Lack of experience, over confidence, over crowded roads, are the cause of accidents. The people walking along the road may cross the road from any  where. They do not know traffic rules. Some people take driving as an amusement and drive carelessly. They even drive drinking and talking on the mobiles while driving.

Conclusion

Butwal  is  one  of  the  busiest  place  of  Nepal. More  than  5000  vehicles  pass via  this  road   in  a  day. But  the  condition  of  road  and  the  flow  of  traffic  is  not  quite  unsatisfactory. It  is  known  as  one  of  the  place  with  more  number  of  traffic  jams. Since  it  is  the  key  way  to  go  any  other  place, it seems  always  busy. On  the  other  hand  there  are  no  other  short  and  effective  alternative  routes  to  escape  this  point.

            Even  being  the  busiest  place  of  Butwal, the  road  structure  is  not  satisfactory. The  most  important  thing  is  that  this  point  lack  sky  bridge, which  is  the  key  to  cross  the  road. If  it  is  construct, the  problem  of  jam  will be  reduced  by  more  than  25%.

Recommendation

After  analyzing  the  view  from  three  different  stakeholders, I  could  reach  I  the  position  to  recommend  the  concerned  authorities  to  make  the  continuous  flow  of  traffic  in  Butwal.

• Construction of  sky  bridge  for  the
• Managing the   footpath  business  and  unmanaged
• Completing the  project  of  broadening  the  width  of  the  road  as  soon  as
• Accelerating the  traffic  awareness  programs  on  the  road  and  off  the  road
• Develop as  many  alternative  routes  as  possible  and  encouraging  the  people  to  use  the
• Encouraging the use  of  public
• Replace the  short  public  vehicles  by  the  vehicles  with  high  capacity  that  can  carry  large  number  of

                                               

                                      BIOGRAPHY

My name is Aastha Pandey and I am currently in college going for Bachelor’s degree. My major subject is in the business and management field. I am a very individualistic person. I have chosen this topic for my report by observing the condition of Road Accident in Butwal.